Washer is used in applications with nuts and bolts. The flat washer provides a greater bearing surface which helps prevent a nut or bolt head from tearing through the material. Flat washers are commonly used in decks and fence building.
A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preloadindicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers usually have an outer diameter (OD) about twice the width of their inner diameter (ID).
Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due toBrinelling after the torque is applied.
Washers can be categorised into three types;
Plain washers, which spread a load, and prevent damage to the surface being fixed, or provide some sort of insulation such as electrical.
Spring washers, which have axial flexibility and are used to prevent fastening loosening due to vibrations
Locking washers, which prevent fastening loosening by preventing unscrewing rotation of the fastening device; locking washers are usually also spring washers.
Common materials include steel, stainless steel, and plastic. Hardened washers are steel washers that have been heat treated. Other materials include aluminium, aramids,bimetals, bronze, brass, ceramics, copper, felt, fibers, hastelloy, iron, leather,mica, Inconel, Monel, rubber, silicon bronze, zinc, and titanium.
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